Financial instruments can be real or virtual documents representing a legal agreement involving any kind of monetary value. Equity-based represent ownership of an asset. Debt-based represent a loan made by an investor to the owner of the asset. Our services cover the following instruments:

Credit Analysis Modelling

Reliable and Quick Options Valuation (Call and Put Options)

Forward and futures contracts

Real Options

Pre-IPO Share Options

Contingent Payments

Swaps

Warrants

Financial Guarantees

Convertible Bonds

Convertible Preference Shares

Restricted Shares
IFRS 13
Fair Value Measurement
IFRS 9
Financial Instruments
IFRS 2
Share-based Payment
IAS 32
Financial Instruments: Presentation
IAS 39
Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement
Convertible Bonds Valuation
A convertible bond is a type of debt security that can be converted into a predetermined amount of the underlying company’s equity at certain times during the bond’s life, usually at the discretion of the bondholder. Convertible bonds are a flexible financing option for companies and are particularly useful for companies with high risk/reward profiles.

Dividend rate
Liquidation preference
Put options
Cumulative versus noncumulative dividends
Redeemable versus nonredeemable
Employee Stock Options (“ESO”)
ESO is usually priced by using a lattice-based model, which takes into account expected changes in various parameters over an option’s life, thereby producing a more accurate estimate of option prices than created by models that consider only one point in time. If it also common for companies planning for IPO to issue stock options to motivate their contributors. We also pay special attention to the major variables:
Strike price (K)
Spot price (S)
Time in year (days/365) (T)
Dividend per share (D)
Volatility in %
Risk-free interest rate in %
Time to Dividend Payment
Number of steps
Number of steps